Best Neurologists for Migraine & Chronic Headache Treatment in India

This page lists 15 migraine & chronic headache treatment doctors in India. Review each doctor's experience, specialty and hospital, then contact our care team for help with the next step.

Quick answer

This page lists 15 migraine & chronic headache treatment doctors in India. Review each doctor's experience, specialty and hospital, then contact our care team for help with the next step.

About Migraine & Chronic Headache Treatment doctors in India

This directory is based on doctors currently listed in GAF Healthcare's registry. Clinical suitability varies by patient; a doctor should review your history and investigations before any treatment decision.

Migraine & Chronic Headache Treatment doctors

Image not available Featured

Dr. Ankita Kumari

MBBS, DNB (Internal Medicine), DrNB (Neurology)
Consultant, Neurology · Specialty: Neurologist
BLK-Max Super Speciality Hospital New Delhi, India5+ Years experience
Why consider this doctor?
  • 5+ years of experience in Neurologist
  • Currently serving as Consultant in Neurology at BLK-Max Super Speciality Hospital, New Delhi, within the Centre for Neurosciences.
  • Completed super-speciality training in Neurology (DrNB) through clinical rotations across leading hospitals in New Delhi.
Expertise & Procedures
  • Epilepsy Evaluation & Treatment
  • Drug-Resistant Epilepsy Management
  • Stroke Diagnosis & Acute Management
  • Post-Stroke Rehabilitation Planning
  • Parkinson's Disease Assessment & Management
View all procedures →
Neurologist Experience: 5+ YearsHospital Affiliation: BLK-Max Super Speciality HospitalHospital accreditation: JCI, NABH
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Dr. Anuja Patil

MBBS, MD (General Medicine), DM (Neurology), Fellowship in Epilepsy, Fellowship of the European Board of Neurology
Consultant, Neurology · Specialty: Neurologist
KIMS Hospitals, Secunderabad Hyderabad, India17+ Years experience
Why consider this doctor?
  • 17+ years of experience in Neurologist
  • Consultant, Neurology — KIMS Hospitals, Secunderabad, Hyderabad (current role, following fellowship training).
  • Fellowship in Epilepsy — KIMS Hospitals, Hyderabad, under Dr. Sita Jayalakshmi (July 2018 – June 2019).
Expertise & Procedures
  • Epilepsy Evaluation & Medical Management
  • Drug-Resistant Epilepsy Assessment & Treatment
  • Parkinson's Disease Management
  • Dystonia Management
  • Tremor Disorders Management
View all procedures →
Neurologist Experience: 17+ YearsHospital Affiliation: KIMS Hospitals, SecunderabadHospital accreditation: JCI, NABH
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Dr. Arunav Garg

DM (Neurology), MD (Internal Medicine), MBBS
Associate Consultant, Neurology · Specialty: Neurologist
Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket New Delhi, India9+ Years experience
Why consider this doctor?
  • 9+ years of experience in Neurologist
  • Currently serving as Associate Consultant, Neurology at Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket, New Delhi under Max Healthcare.
  • Completed DM (Neurology) at G.B. Pant Hospital, Delhi — one of India's premier neurology training programmes (2025).
Expertise & Procedures
  • Stroke Diagnosis & Acute Management
  • Post-Stroke Rehabilitation Planning
  • Epilepsy Evaluation & Long-Term Management
  • Drug-Resistant Epilepsy Assessment
  • Migraine & Chronic Headache Treatment
View all procedures →
Neurologist Experience: 9+ YearsHospital Affiliation: Max Super Speciality Hospital, SaketHospital accreditation: NABH, JCI
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Dr. Jaydip Ray Chaudhuri

MBBS, MD, DM (Neurology), MNAMS — Member, National Academy of Medical Sciences, FEBN — Fellow, European Board of Neurology, MRCP (Neurology-UK) — Member, Royal College of Physicians, FRCP (EDIN) — Fellow, Royal College of Physicians
Senior Consultant & Head of Department, Neurology · Specialty: Neurologist
Yashoda Hospitals, Somajiguda Hyderabad, India25+ Years experience
Why consider this doctor?
  • 25+ years of experience in Neurologist
  • Currently serving as Senior Consultant Neuro Physician and Head of the Department of Neurology at Yashoda Hospitals, Somajiguda, Hyderabad.
  • Built over 25 years of clinical practice spanning acute neurology, stroke care, movement disorders, and neuro rehabilitation.
Expertise & Procedures
  • Stroke Treatment & Acute Neurological Emergency Management
  • Post-Stroke Rehabilitation Planning
  • Epilepsy Diagnosis & Medical Management
  • Parkinson's Disease Treatment & Monitoring
  • Dystonia Assessment & Management
View all procedures →
Neurologist Experience: 25+ YearsHospital Affiliation: Yashoda Hospitals, SomajigudaHospital accreditation: NABH
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Dr. Kaushal Ippili

MBBS, MS (General Surgery), DNB (Neurology)
Senior Consultant, Neurology · Specialty: Neurologist
Apollo Hospital, Jubilee Hills Hyderabad, India15+ Years experience
Why consider this doctor?
  • 15+ years of experience in Neurologist
  • Currently serving as Senior Consultant Neurologist at Apollo Hospital, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad — part of the Apollo Health City campus.
  • Has spent over 15 years in clinical neurology, building expertise across epilepsy, movement disorders, cerebrovascular disease, and neuromuscular conditions.
Expertise & Procedures
  • Neurological Consultation & Diagnosis
  • Epilepsy Evaluation & Medical Management
  • Drug-Resistant Epilepsy Assessment & Treatment
  • Parkinson's Disease Management
  • Dystonia & Tremor Management
View all procedures →
Neurologist Experience: 15+ YearsHospital Affiliation: Apollo Hospital, Jubilee HillsHospital accreditation: JCI, NABH
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Dr. Noorul Ameen S

MBBS, MD (General Medicine), DM (Neurology)
Consultant Neurologist, Neurology · Specialty: Neurologist
Gleneagles HealthCity Chennai Chennai, India12+ Years experience
Why consider this doctor?
  • 12+ years of experience in Neurologist
  • Currently serving as Consultant Neurologist at Gleneagles HealthCity Chennai, one of Tamil Nadu's leading tertiary care hospitals.
  • Affiliated with Gleneagles Hospital, Sholinganallur, Chennai — part of the Fortis Hospital Network — providing specialist neurological consultations.
Expertise & Procedures
  • Epilepsy Diagnosis & Management
  • Drug-Resistant Epilepsy Management
  • Acute Stroke Treatment
  • Stroke Rehabilitation Planning
  • Migraine & Chronic Headache Treatment
View all procedures →
Neurologist Experience: 12+ YearsHospital Affiliation: Gleneagles HealthCity ChennaiHospital accreditation: NABH, JCI
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Dr. Prashant Makhija

MBBS, MD (General Medicine), DM (Neurology), Certified Sleep Disorders Specialist
Consultant Neurologist, Neurology · Specialty: Neurologist
Wockhardt Hospital Mumbai, India10+ Years experience
Why consider this doctor?
  • 10+ years of experience in Neurologist
  • Currently serving as Consultant Neurologist at Wockhardt Hospitals, South Mumbai and Mumbai Central.
  • Has managed over 10,000 patients across a broad spectrum of neurological conditions throughout his career.
Expertise & Procedures
  • Stroke Treatment & Acute Neurological Intervention
  • Stroke Rehabilitation & Recovery Planning
  • Epilepsy Diagnosis & Medical Management
  • Drug-Resistant Epilepsy Evaluation & Care
  • Migraine & Chronic Headache Treatment
View all procedures →
Neurologist Experience: 10+ YearsHospital Affiliation: Wockhardt HospitalHospital accreditation: NABH, JCI
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Dr. Debashish Chowdhury

MBBS, Diploma (Tuberculosis & Chest Diseases), MD (Internal Medicine), DM (Neurology), Training in Headache Disorders, Training in Good Clinical Practice (GCP), Fellowship (Stroke Medicine)
Vice Chairman & Academic Head, Department of Neurology · Specialty: Neurologist
BLK-Max Super Speciality Hospital New Delhi, India37+ Years experience
Why consider this doctor?
  • 37+ years of experience in Neurologist
  • Vice Chairman & Academic Head, Department of Neurology — BLK-Max Super Speciality Hospital, New Delhi (Current)
  • Director Professor & Head, Department of Neurology — G.B. Pant Hospital, Maulana Azad Medical College & Associated Hospitals, New Delhi (Previous)
Expertise & Procedures
  • Epilepsy Diagnosis & Long-Term Management
  • Drug-Resistant Epilepsy Evaluation & Treatment
  • Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
  • Hemorrhagic Stroke Management
  • Stroke Prevention & Secondary Care Planning
View all procedures →
Neurologist Experience: 37+ YearsHospital Affiliation: BLK-Max Super Speciality HospitalHospital accreditation: JCI, NABH
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Dr. R. N. Komal Kumar

DM — Neurology, Fellowship in Stroke and Neurosonology
Clinical Director & Head, Cerebrovascular Unit | Consultant Neurologist · Specialty: Neurologist
Yashoda Hospitals, Secunderabad Hyderabad, India24+ Years experience
Why consider this doctor?
  • 24+ years of experience in Neurologist
  • Currently serving as Clinical Director and Head of the Cerebrovascular Unit at Yashoda Hospitals, Secunderabad — one of Telangana's leading tertiary care hospital groups.
  • Holds the position of Consultant Neurologist at Yashoda Hospitals, managing complex neurological and cerebrovascular cases across inpatient and outpatient settings.
Expertise & Procedures
  • Acute Stroke Management & Thrombolysis
  • Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
  • Botulinum Toxin Injections (Spasticity, Dystonia, Headache)
  • Neurosonology & Transcranial Doppler
  • Stroke Rehabilitation Planning
View all procedures →
Neurologist Experience: 24+ YearsHospital Affiliation: Yashoda Hospitals, SecunderabadHospital accreditation: NABH
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Dr. Ritu Jha

MBBS, MD (Medicine), DM (Neurology)
Director & Head of Department, Neurology · Specialty: Neurologist
Sarvodaya Hospital, Faridabad Faridabad, India26+ Years experience
Why consider this doctor?
  • 26+ years of experience in Neurologist
  • Currently serving as Director & Head of Department, Neurology, at Sarvodaya Hospital, Sector 8, Faridabad.
  • Previously worked as a consultant neurologist at Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, one of India's leading tertiary care centres.
Expertise & Procedures
  • Epilepsy Evaluation & Management
  • Drug-Resistant Epilepsy Assessment & Treatment
  • Acute Stroke Management
  • Stroke Rehabilitation Planning
  • Migraine & Chronic Headache Treatment
View all procedures →
Neurologist Experience: 26+ YearsHospital Affiliation: Sarvodaya Hospital, FaridabadHospital accreditation: NABH, NABL

Hospitals where these doctors practise

BLK-Max Super Speciality Hospital🇮🇳 New Delhi, India
Starting from$300

BLK-Max Super Speciality Hospital

Est. 1959
JCIJoint Commission International accreditationNABHNational Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers accreditation
Migraine & Chronic Headache TreatmentCardiac SurgeryCardiologyMedical Oncology
2+
Doctors for Migraine & Chronic Headache Treatment
3.8
48 reviews
650+
Beds
67+
Years Since Founded
Dr. Ankita KumariDr. Debashish Chowdhury
KIMS Hospitals, Secunderabad🇮🇳 Hyderabad, India
Starting from$300

KIMS Hospitals, Secunderabad

Est. 2000
JCIJoint Commission International accreditationNABHNational Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers accreditation
Migraine & Chronic Headache TreatmentCardiac SurgeryCardiologyOncology
2+
Doctors for Migraine & Chronic Headache Treatment
4.8
743 reviews
8300+
Beds
26+
Years Since Founded
Dr. Anuja PatilDr. Subhash Kaul
Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket🇮🇳 New Delhi, India
Starting from$300

Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket

Est. 2005
NABHNational Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers accreditationJCIJoint Commission International accreditation
Migraine & Chronic Headache TreatmentCardiac SurgeryCardiologyMedical Oncology
1+
Doctors for Migraine & Chronic Headache Treatment
3.8
49 reviews
539+
Beds
21+
Years Since Founded
Dr. Arunav Garg
Yashoda Hospitals, Somajiguda🇮🇳 Somajiguda, Hyderabad, India
Starting from$300

Yashoda Hospitals, Somajiguda

Est. 1989
NABHNational Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers accreditation
Migraine & Chronic Headache TreatmentCardiologyNeurologyOrthopedics
1+
Doctors for Migraine & Chronic Headache Treatment
4.7
389 reviews
620+
Beds
37+
Years Since Founded
Dr. Jaydip Ray Chaudhuri
Apollo Hospitals, Jubilee Hills🇮🇳 Hyderabad, India
Starting from$300

Apollo Hospitals, Jubilee Hills

Est. 1988
JCIJoint Commission International accreditationNABHNational Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers accreditation
Migraine & Chronic Headache TreatmentCardiac SurgeryCardiologyMedical Oncology
3+
Doctors for Migraine & Chronic Headache Treatment
4.1
44 reviews
550+
Beds
38+
Years Since Founded
Dr. Kaushal IppiliDr. Sandeep NayaniDr. Sudhir Kumar
Gleneagles Global Hospital🇮🇳 Chennai, India
Starting from$300

Gleneagles Global Hospital

Est. 1999
NABHNational Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers accreditationJCIJoint Commission International accreditation
Migraine & Chronic Headache TreatmentCardiac SurgeryCardiologyMedical Oncology
1+
Doctors for Migraine & Chronic Headache Treatment
4.7
112 reviews
1000+
Beds
27+
Years Since Founded
Dr. Noorul Ameen S
Wockhardt Hospital🇮🇳 Mumbai, India
Starting from$300

Wockhardt Hospital

Est. 2014
NABHNational Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers accreditationJCIJoint Commission International accreditation
Migraine & Chronic Headache TreatmentCardiac SurgeryCardiologyMedical Oncology
1+
Doctors for Migraine & Chronic Headache Treatment
4.4
30 reviews
350+
Beds
12+
Years Since Founded
Dr. Prashant Makhija
Yashoda Hospitals, Secunderabad🇮🇳 Secunderabad, Hyderabad, India
Starting from$300

Yashoda Hospitals, Secunderabad

Est. 1989
NABHNational Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers accreditation
Migraine & Chronic Headache TreatmentCardiac SurgeryCardiologyNeurology
1+
Doctors for Migraine & Chronic Headache Treatment
4.7
518 reviews
1026+
Beds
37+
Years Since Founded
Dr. R. N. Komal Kumar
Sarvodaya Hospital🇮🇳 Faridabad, India
Starting from$300

Sarvodaya Hospital

Est. 2014
NABHNational Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers accreditationNABLNational Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories accreditation
Migraine & Chronic Headache TreatmentCardiac SurgeryCardiologyMedical Oncology
1+
Doctors for Migraine & Chronic Headache Treatment
4.5
74 reviews
450+
Beds
12+
Years Since Founded
Dr. Ritu Jha
Apollo Hospital, Bannerghatta Road🇮🇳 Bangalore, India
Starting from$300

Apollo Hospital, Bannerghatta Road

Est. 2007
JCIJoint Commission International accreditationNABHNational Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers accreditation
Migraine & Chronic Headache TreatmentCardiac SurgeryCardiologyMedical Oncology
1+
Doctors for Migraine & Chronic Headache Treatment
4.2
25 reviews
250+
Beds
19+
Years Since Founded
Dr. Suryanarayana Sharma P M

Why consider treatment in India?

Many international patients consider India for migraine & chronic headache treatment for several reasons, including:

More affordable estimates

Competitive indicative costs compared with many other countries, for similar clinical standards.

Internationally accredited hospitals

Hospitals experienced in treating international patients.

Experienced specialists

Doctors who regularly manage similar cases.

Care coordination support

A team to help with planning, medical translation and follow-up.

About the Procedure

What is Migraine & Chronic Headache Treatment?

Migraine and chronic headache treatment involves a structured neurological evaluation to identify headache triggers, rule out secondary causes, and design a personalized management plan combining medication, lifestyle changes, and advanced interventions like Botox or nerve blocks. It is recommended for patients experiencing frequent, severe, or disabling headaches that have not responded to standard over-the-counter treatments. The goal is to reduce headache frequency, intensity, and improve quality of life.

Who may be considered?

Migraine & Chronic Headache Treatment may be considered after a qualified specialist reviews your reports and medical history. Suitability varies from person to person and must be assessed by your treating doctor.

How does it work?

Includes detailed neurological consultation, imaging to exclude structural causes, and a tailored medication regimen (preventive and abortive) with lifestyle and trigger-management counseling.

3 approaches available for this procedure:

Comprehensive Neurological Evaluation & Medical Management

Most Popular

Includes detailed neurological consultation, imaging to exclude structural causes, and a tailored medication regimen (preventive and abortive) with lifestyle and trigger-management counseling.

Comprehensive Investigations

Estimated cost: $200 - $600

MRI Brain, Blood tests (CBC, thyroid profile, vitamin D/B12), ECG, Eye examination, Headache diary review

Treatment / Procedure Estimate

Estimated cost in India: $300 - $900

Stay in India

Pre-procedure stay (outside hospital): ~1 day
Hospitalisation: ~1 day (outpatient)
Recovery period (outside hospital): ~2-3 days recommended
Total stay: approx 3-4 days

Usually Included in Hospital Package

  • Neurologist consultation(s)
  • Baseline imaging and lab tests
  • Personalized medication plan
  • Lifestyle and diet counseling
  • Follow-up teleconsultation

Usually Not Included

  • Long-term medication costs after return home
  • Additional specialist referrals (e.g., psychiatry, ENT)
  • Airfare and accommodation
  • Advanced procedures like Botox or nerve blocks

Recovery and follow-up

Most patients resume normal activities within 1-3 days of consultation or injection-based treatments, with follow-up assessments scheduled at 4-12 weeks to evaluate treatment response and adjust the management plan.

Risks

Potential risks include mild injection-site discomfort, temporary muscle weakness (with Botox), medication side effects, or limited response requiring dose/plan adjustment; serious complications are rare when performed by experienced neurologists.

Alternatives

Alternatives include physical therapy and biofeedback, acupuncture, dietary and trigger management, cognitive behavioral therapy for stress-related headaches, and CGRP monoclonal antibody injections for eligible patients.

What we need to prepare a formal estimate

Share whatever you have — the care team will confirm the final checklist after reviewing your case.

Reports required

  • Recent MRI or CT brain scan (if previously done)
  • Detailed headache diary (frequency, duration, triggers, severity)
  • List of current and previously tried medications
  • Blood test reports (CBC, thyroid, vitamin levels)
  • Prior neurologist or specialist consultation notes
  • Any prior Botox or nerve block treatment history
  • ECG report if on preventive medications affecting heart rhythm

Patient information needed

  • Age and duration of headache/migraine history
  • Type of headache (migraine, tension, cluster, chronic daily)
  • Frequency and severity of episodes per month
  • Response to previous treatments and medications
  • Any known triggers (stress, diet, sleep, hormonal)
  • Existing medical conditions (hypertension, cardiac issues, pregnancy status)
  • Current medications and allergies
  • Family history of migraine or neurological conditions

Costs shown are indicative planning estimates based on typical pricing across leading Indian hospitals. They are not a quote — actual pricing depends on your case complexity, hospital choice, and length of stay. Share your reports for a personalized estimate.

Want a formal estimate?

Share your reports and patient information so our care coordination team can review your case.

How this directory is built

Doctors are matched using the specialty, location, condition (Migraine & Chronic Headache Treatment) and procedure (Migraine & Chronic Headache Treatment) recorded in their profiles. Inclusion is not an endorsement and does not guarantee a treatment outcome.

Need help with the next step?

Share your needs with our care coordination team for information about doctors and hospitals.

Common questions

FAQs about Migraine & Chronic Headache Treatment in India

What is Migraine & Chronic Headache?
Migraine is a recurrent neurological disorder typically characterized by moderate-to-severe, often one-sided headache accompanied by nausea, light sensitivity, or sound sensitivity, sometimes preceded by neurological warning symptoms called an aura. Chronic headache is a broader category describing headaches that occur frequently—commonly defined as 15 or more days per month for at least three months—and includes subtypes such as chronic migraine, tension-type headache, and cluster headache.
What are the symptoms and health risks of Migraine & Chronic Headache?
Common features include pulsating or throbbing head pain, nausea or vomiting, sensitivity to light and sound, and in some cases visual disturbances, numbness, or speech difficulties that form the aura phase. Cluster headaches, a distinct subtype, produce intense one-sided pain around the eye often accompanied by tearing or nasal congestion. Experiencing any of these symptoms does not establish a diagnosis on its own, as several other conditions can produce similar presentations and require careful clinical evaluation to rule out.
How is Migraine & Chronic Headache diagnosed?
Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on a detailed headache history including frequency, duration, character, associated symptoms, and response to prior treatments, using internationally recognized criteria such as those published by the International Headache Society (ICHD-3). A neurological examination is routinely performed, and investigations such as MRI or CT imaging of the brain may be requested to exclude secondary causes—particularly when headache features are atypical, sudden in onset, or associated with neurological signs. Additional assessments, including blood tests or, in selected cases, lumbar puncture, may be considered depending on clinical findings.
How is Migraine & Chronic Headache treated?
Treatment is tailored to headache type, frequency, and severity, and typically combines acute (abortive) strategies to relieve individual attacks with preventive strategies aimed at reducing how often and how severely attacks occur. For people with chronic or high-frequency migraine, preventive medication—taken regularly rather than on-demand—is often a central part of management, and newer options such as CGRP-targeted therapies (injections or oral agents) have expanded the available choices in recent years. In carefully selected cases, procedural interventions may also be considered, and any treatment plan should be determined through individual assessment by a qualified clinician rather than a standardized protocol.
Can Migraine & Chronic Headache be treated without a procedure?
The large majority of migraine and chronic headache management is non-procedural: this includes lifestyle modifications (regular sleep, hydration, exercise, and trigger identification), behavioral approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy and biofeedback, and a range of medications spanning acute analgesics, triptans, anti-CGRP agents, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and beta-blockers used for prevention. Botulinum toxin (Botox) injections, administered by a specialist at regular intervals, represent a minimally procedural option approved for chronic migraine in adults who have not responded adequately to oral preventives. Non-surgical pathways are well-established and effective for most patients, making them the standard first approach before any more invasive options are explored.
When is Migraine & Chronic Headache Treatment considered for Migraine & Chronic Headache?
Migraine & Chronic Headache Treatment may be considered only when it is appropriate for the confirmed diagnosis and the expected benefit outweighs the individual risks. The decision may depend on symptom severity, investigation results, previous treatment, overall health and the patient's goals. A specialist should discuss alternatives and recovery before any procedure is planned.
Which doctor treats Migraine & Chronic Headache?
Migraine and chronic headache disorders are primarily evaluated and managed by a neurologist, and complex or refractory cases may be referred to a headache specialist—a neurologist with sub-specialty training and practice focused exclusively on headache medicine. Some centers also involve pain medicine physicians or psychiatrists as part of a multidisciplinary approach when comorbid conditions such as anxiety, depression, or chronic pain are present.
How do I choose a doctor for Migraine & Chronic Headache?
When selecting a specialist, it is worth considering the clinician's specific experience with headache medicine, access to the full range of preventive therapies including newer CGRP-targeted treatments and botulinum toxin, availability of multidisciplinary support (psychological and pain services), and the clinic's capacity to provide structured long-term follow-up, since headache management often requires ongoing adjustment over time.
What documents do international patients need to share for a medical evaluation?
Share a concise medical summary, symptom timeline, previous diagnoses, investigation and imaging reports, procedure or biopsy reports where relevant, current medicines, allergies and related treatment records. Provide clear copies with translations when needed. The reviewing doctor may request additional information before giving an opinion.
How does GAF Healthcare help international patients plan treatment in India?
Our care coordination team can review the initial information, help identify suitable doctors and hospitals, request a medical opinion where available, explain next steps and indicative cost information, and support practical planning before travel. A remote opinion does not replace an in-person examination or emergency care.