- Cataract Surgery treatment guide
Cataract surgery removes the eye's cloudy natural lens and usually replaces it with a calculated intraocular lens, or IOL. The natural lens sits behind the iris and focuses light. Surgery removes its cloudy material and usually places an IOL in the retained capsular bag.
- Phacoemulsification Cataract Surgery treatment guide
Phacoemulsification removes cloudy lens material from the capsular bag with an ultrasound handpiece before an intraocular lens is placed when support permits. Phaco names ultrasound lens removal; it is not synonymous with femtosecond assistance, manual small-incision extraction or a particular premium IOL.
- Femto Laser Cataract Surgery treatment guide
Femtosecond-assisted cataract surgery applies planned laser pulses to selected corneal, anterior-capsule and lens structures before lens removal and IOL placement. The laser assists selected steps but does not replace the operating surgeon, complete lens removal, IOL placement or postoperative care, and it does not promise a better outcome.
- LASIK Eye Surgery treatment guide
LASIK reshapes corneal stroma with an excimer laser beneath a hinged corneal flap while the natural lens remains in place. LASIK creates a flap; SMILE removes a stromal lenticule through a small incision, while ICL places a phakic lens without corneal laser reshaping.
- SMILE Eye Surgery treatment guide
SMILE uses a femtosecond laser to create a refractive stromal lenticule inside the cornea, removed through a small incision without a LASIK flap. SMILE is lenticule extraction without a hinged flap; LASIK uses flap-based excimer ablation, and ICL is a removable phakic intraocular lens.
- ICL (Implantable Collamer Lens) treatment guide
An ICL is a phakic lens placed behind the iris and in front of the natural crystalline lens, leaving the natural lens inside the eye. ICL is a phakic intraocular implant, not LASIK or SMILE corneal tissue removal and not cataract surgery replacing the natural lens.
- Corneal Transplantation treatment guide
Penetrating keratoplasty replaces a full-thickness circular corneal button, including stroma, Descemet membrane and endothelium, with donor tissue. PK is full thickness; DMEK replaces Descemet membrane and endothelium, DSEK adds posterior stroma, and DALK retains healthy recipient endothelium.
- Glaucoma Surgery treatment guide
Glaucoma damages the optic nerve, often in relation to intraocular pressure and aqueous drainage through the angle; surgery is an umbrella covering distinct pressure-lowering routes. Glaucoma surgery is an umbrella, not one operation; outpatient laser, trabeculectomy bleb filtration and tube-and-plate implantation have different anatomy, risks and follow-up.
- Laser Glaucoma Surgery treatment guide
Laser glaucoma treatment targets selected drainage-angle tissue or ciliary structures to alter aqueous outflow or production without creating a trabeculectomy bleb or implanting a tube. Outpatient laser such as SLT is not trabeculectomy filtration or valve implantation; laser type, target, repeatability and expected medication plan must be named.
- Trabeculectomy treatment guide
Trabeculectomy creates a guarded drainage channel through sclera so aqueous collects beneath conjunctiva in a filtering bleb. Trabeculectomy is bleb filtration; it differs from outpatient laser and from a drainage-device tube leading to a plate.
- Vitrectomy treatment guide
Vitrectomy removes vitreous gel through pars plana ports so the surgeon can address blood, membranes, traction, infection or retinal pathology and may use fluid, air, gas or silicone oil. Vitrectomy names vitreous removal and access; retinal detachment repair additionally reattaches retina, while macular-hole surgery includes macular membrane work and gas planning.
- Retinal Detachment Surgery treatment guide
Retinal detachment separates neurosensory retina from supporting tissue; breaks, vitreous traction, fluid extent and macular involvement guide repair. Detachment repair is directed at retinal breaks and reattachment; vitrectomy alone has broader indications, and macular-hole surgery targets a central retinal defect.
- Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Injection treatment guide
An intravitreal injection delivers anti-VEGF medicine through the pars plana into the vitreous cavity to treat selected retinal or choroidal vascular leakage or growth. Pricing is per injection, not a complete treatment course; OCT response and disease activity determine whether and when ongoing injections are advised.
- Macular Hole Surgery treatment guide
A macular hole is a central full-thickness retinal defect; vitreomacular traction and internal limiting membrane relationships guide surgery. Macular-hole surgery is vitrectomy plus macular membrane and gas planning; it differs from peripheral retinal-detachment repair and from injection treatment.
- Pediatric Cataract Surgery treatment guide
A child's cloudy lens can obstruct the developing visual axis; treatment must address cataract removal, age-appropriate IOL or aphakia correction and visual development. Pediatric surgery is not adult phaco scaled down: general anaesthesia, visual-axis management, changing eye power, aphakia correction and amblyopia therapy are central.
- Squint / Strabismus Surgery treatment guide
Strabismus reflects ocular misalignment involving extraocular-muscle action, binocular control and sometimes nerve, orbital or vision disorders. The operation changes selected muscle force or position; it does not replace refraction or amblyopia treatment and cannot promise exact alignment or binocular function.
- Oculoplastic Surgery treatment guide
Oculoplastic surgery covers functional disease of eyelids, orbit and lacrimal structures that protect the globe and ocular surface. Functional oculoplasty is an umbrella distinct from cosmetic Blepharoplasty; eyelid reconstruction replaces a defined defect, while DCR creates tear drainage into the nose.
- Eyelid Reconstruction Surgery treatment guide
Eyelid reconstruction restores anterior and posterior lamellae, lid margin, canthal support and closure needed to protect the cornea. Reconstruction restores a defined functional defect and differs from cosmetic Blepharoplasty; pathology clearance and corneal protection can determine timing and extent.
- Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) / Tear Duct Surgery treatment guide
DCR creates a drainage passage between the lacrimal sac and nasal cavity, bypassing an obstructed nasolacrimal duct; canaliculi remain a separate proximal pathway. DCR bypasses a sac or nasolacrimal-duct obstruction; it does not correct every cause of tearing, and external versus endoscopic access follows anatomy and expertise.